Specific name for the Cathari in 12th-13th-century Languedoc (southern France), from the city of Albi. The Albigenses were the largest concentration of medieval Cathari; the doctrinal content is identical with broader Catharism (Manichaean-revival dualism; rejection of OT, sacraments, and orthodox incarnation; strict asceticism for the perfecti). The historical-political significance of the Albigenses is greater than that of the broader Catharist movement because of the substantial scale of the Languedoc Albigensian community and the political-military response. The Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) was called by Pope Innocent III against the Languedoc Albigenses; the Crusade was substantively a military invasion of Languedoc by northern French nobility (especially Simon de Montfort) under papal authority, with substantial loss of life among both Albigenses and orthodox Catholics in the affected regions. The most famous episode is the massacre at Béziers (July 22, 1209), where the Crusader forces under Arnaud Amalric the papal legate captured the city; when asked how to distinguish Catholics from heretics among the population, Amalric reportedly said caedite eos, novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius (kill them all, for the Lord knoweth them that are His — though the historicity of the exact quote is disputed); the entire population of perhaps 7,000-20,000 was slaughtered. The Crusade continued for two decades; the Treaty of Paris (1229) ended the political conflict; the medieval Inquisition (established by Pope Gregory IX in 1233 substantially in response to the Albigensian situation) continued the suppression of remaining Albigensian-Catharist communities through the next century. The patriarchal-Reformed reader engages the Albigensian episode as a sobering historical case of the church's complicated relationship with civil-political authority and coercive religious power.