One of the Apostolic Fathers (late first century), traditionally identified as the fourth bishop of Rome after Peter (after Linus and Anacletus) and the author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians (commonly dated c. 95-97 AD). The traditional identification with the Clement mentioned in Philippians 4:3 (my fellowlabourers, whose names are in the book of life) is uncertain but possible. The principal surviving work is the First Epistle to the Corinthians (also called 1 Clement), a letter written by the Roman church (composed by Clement on its behalf, though the text speaks corporately) to the Corinthian church regarding a division in which a younger group had ejected the older presbyters from leadership. The letter is one of the earliest and most substantial extra-canonical Christian writings, valued both for its theological content and for its historical witness to the late-first-century church. Theological features: (1) extensive citation of the Old Testament as authoritative Christian Scripture, treating substantial OT narratives (Cain and Abel, Jacob and Esau, Joseph, Moses, David, the prophets) as the basis for pastoral exhortation; (2) substantial appeal to the example of Christ and the apostles (with references to Peter, Paul, and others as recently-martyred figures); (3) firm doctrine of resurrection (chapters 24-25, citing the apostolic teaching and the natural analogies of seed-and-plant cycles); (4) early articulation of apostolic succession (chapter 44, the apostles appointed bishops and deacons; subsequent generations are to honor those legitimately installed by the prior generation). The letter does not articulate the developed monarchical episcopate of Ignatius; the language uses presbyteros and episkopos interchangeably (chapter 42), consistent with the apostolic pattern. The so-called Second Epistle of Clement (2 Clement) is now generally regarded as not by Clement himself but as an early Christian homily of uncertain authorship from the mid-second century.