The substantive physical elements appointed by Christ for the Lord's Supper: bread (Greek artos, representing Christ's body broken for sinners) and wine (Greek oinos, representing Christ's blood shed for the remission of sins). The Reformed-confessional position holds firmly to both elements as appointed by Christ: bread and wine, both elements administered to all communicants. Two substantive controversies have arisen historically. (1) The medieval Catholic withholding of the cup from the laity: from approximately the twelfth century, Roman Catholic practice withheld the chalice (the cup of wine) from the laity, distributing only the bread (the consecrated host) to the congregation; the priest alone consumed the consecrated wine. The Reformation universally rejected this practice as substantively contrary to Christ's institution (Matthew 26:27, drink ye all of it) and restored both elements to all communicants. (2) The modern American-evangelical substitution of grape juice for wine: from approximately the late nineteenth century, the American temperance movement (with Welch's grape juice as a key institutional driver) successfully substituted unfermented grape juice for fermented wine in much American Protestant communion practice. The substantive Reformed-confessional position holds that the element appointed by Christ is wine (the fermented grape product, the oinos of the NT and the fruit of the vine of Matthew 26:29; the disciples were not drinking grape juice at the Last Supper, particularly given the impossibility of preserving unfermented grape juice in first-century conditions for the Passover season several months after the harvest). The contemporary American-evangelical grape-juice substitution is substantively a temperance-cultural accommodation rather than a substantive Christian-confessional position; the patriarchal-Reformed reader recovers wine as the substantive element appointed by Christ.