Eighteenth-century English Particular Baptist theological error (associated with John Brine, John Gill, John Skepp, and others in the early-to-mid eighteenth century) that pressed the Reformed doctrine of unconditional election beyond its biblical and confessional limits and produced two distinctive heterodoxies. (1) Denial of duty-faith: Hyper-Calvinism denied that all hearers of the gospel have the duty to repent and believe; only the elect have the duty, since only the elect are able. The historic Reformed-confessional position is that all hearers of the gospel are bound by the divine command to repent and believe (Acts 17:30, now commandeth all men every where to repent; John 3:36, he that believeth not the Son shall not see life); the inability of the unregenerate is moral inability under the bondage of sin, not legal-categorical-non-applicability. (2) Denial of the free offer of the gospel: Hyper-Calvinism held that the gospel is not to be indiscriminately offered to all but only to those who give evidence of being elect (the so-called signs of grace). The historic Reformed-confessional position is that the gospel is indiscriminately offered to all (the so-called free offer; Matthew 11:28; John 7:37; Revelation 22:17), with God's secret decree of election as the hidden ground on which the offer effectually saves some while leaving others responsible for their unbelief. The Reformed-confessional response to Hyper-Calvinism (Andrew Fuller's The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation, 1785, is the classical response; the broader Particular Baptist Modern Question controversy) holds the duty-faith and free-offer positions against the Hyper-Calvinist denial. The patriarchal-Reformed reader stands with historic Calvinism (the Reformed confessions, Calvin himself, the Synod of Dort, the great Puritan and Reformed-evangelical tradition) against the Hyper-Calvinist error.