The Christian discipline of substantive meditation on Scripture, biblical truth, and the LORD's providential dealings. The Hebrew lexicon distinguishes two principal terms: hagah, to murmur, ponder, meditate (Joshua 1:8, This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night; Psalm 1:2, his delight is in the law of the LORD; and in his law doth he meditate day and night); and siyach, to muse, meditate (Psalm 119:15, I will meditate in thy precepts, and have respect unto thy ways; Psalm 143:5, I remember the days of old; I meditate on all thy works; I muse on the work of thy hands). The Hebrew terms carry the substantive sense of pondering, turning over in the mind, mulling, sometimes murmuring aloud — not the Eastern emptying-meditation register. Biblical meditation is content-filled: the believer meditates on something specific (Scripture, the LORD's works, His commands, His providence), not on nothing in particular. The Lord Jesus's parables and pronouncements assume meditation-as-Scripture-filling pattern; Paul commands think on these things (Philippians 4:8). The Puritan-Reformed tradition produced extensive meditation manuals (Thomas Watson's A Christian on the Mount: A Treatise Concerning Meditation; Edmund Calamy's The Art of Divine Meditation; the works of Joseph Hall, Richard Sibbes, John Owen). The patriarchal-Reformed reader recovers biblical meditation as substantive Scripture-filling discipline against the Eastern-influenced emptying-meditation that has infiltrated modern spiritual formation circles: take a passage of Scripture, ponder it, turn it over, ask questions of it, apply it, pray it back to the LORD; meditate on His works in creation and providence; muse on His character and promises.