Greek sophia, wisdom, the principal NT term for wisdom in both divine and human registers. The NT theology of sophia distinguishes carefully between true and counterfeit wisdom. True wisdom is the wisdom of God, supremely revealed in Christ crucified (1 Corinthians 1:24, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God; 1:30, of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption); divinely given to believers (Ephesians 1:17, the spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him; James 1:5, If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him); manifest in heavenly character (James 3:17, the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy). Counterfeit wisdom is the wisdom of this world, sharply judged by Paul as foolishness to God (1 Corinthians 1:20-25; 3:18-20; 2 Corinthians 1:12) and characterized by James as earthly, sensual, devilish (James 3:14-15). The Reformed-confessional doctrine of wisdom (Calvin's Institutes Book I on the knowledge of God; the Puritan wisdom-literature on godly counsel) recovers the integrated NT category against both rationalist autonomous reason and modern relativist denial of substantive wisdom.