Definition · Webster 1828 · Scriptures · Corruption · Roots · Usage · Related
The threefold office of Christ (the munus triplex) is the classic framework, given its fullest expression by Calvin, that organizes the mediatorial work of Christ under the three anointed offices of the Old Testament—Prophet, Priest, and King. The very title “Christ” (and its Hebrew equivalent “Messiah”) means “Anointed One,” and in Israel three classes of men were anointed for their offices: prophets, priests, and kings. Christ, anointed with the Spirit without measure, fulfills all three perfectly in His single person, and these offices together comprehend the whole of His saving work. As Prophet He reveals the will of God for our salvation, dispelling our ignorance. As Priest He offers Himself a sacrifice for our guilt and intercedes for us, removing our condemnation. As King He rules, defends, and subdues, breaking the power of sin and Satan and governing His people. The framework is illuminating because it answers the threefold ruin of fallen man: by sin we are ignorant (needing a Prophet to teach), guilty (needing a Priest to atone), and enslaved (needing a King to rule and deliver). It also guards against partial views of Christ that would seize one office while neglecting the others—the rationalist who wants only a Teacher, the sentimentalist who wants only a Sacrifice for comfort, or the triumphalist who wants only a King of power. The whole Christ is Prophet, Priest, and King, and saving faith receives Him in all three offices: trusting His teaching, resting in His atonement, and submitting to His rule. To divide the offices is to fashion a Christ of one’s own; to receive them together is to know the Mediator as He truly is.
Webster 1828 notes that Christ holds the offices of Prophet, Priest, and King; the term “munus triplex” gathers these into His threefold mediatorial office.
OFFICE, n. — ...A particular duty, charge or trust conferred by public authority and for a public purpose. Christ sustains the threefold office of Prophet, Priest, and King.
MESSIAH, n. — Christ, the anointed; the Savior of the world; anointed, as were prophets, priests, and kings, to his threefold office.
Acts 10:38 — "How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil."
Hebrews 1:1-3 — "...hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son... when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high."
1 Corinthians 1:30 — "But of him are ye in Christ Jesus, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption."
Isaiah 61:1 — "The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me; because the Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek."
No major postmodern redefinition, but the offices are sundered—men seize one and neglect the others, wanting Christ as Teacher only, or Sacrifice only, or King only, fashioning a partial Christ.
The threefold office is corrupted chiefly by being divided—by the seizing of one office while the others are neglected or denied, so that men fashion a Christ to their own liking. The rationalist and the liberal want Christ the Prophet only: a great Teacher and moral example, his cross reduced to a tragic martyrdom and his kingship to influence. The sentimentalist wants Christ the Priest only: a Savior who comforts and forgives, whose teaching may be ignored and whose lordship goes unfelt, so that grace becomes license. The triumphalist or the merely political wants Christ the King only: a figure of power to advance an earthly agenda, his atoning blood and patient teaching pushed aside. Each fashions an idol, a fragment of Christ mistaken for the whole.
Scripture will not permit the division, for the three offices answer the threefold misery of fallen man and stand or fall together. By sin we are ignorant of God—and so we need the Prophet to teach us; guilty before God—and so we need the Priest to atone for us; and enslaved to sin and Satan—and so we need the King to rule and deliver us. To take the Prophet without the Priest is to be instructed but unforgiven; to take the Priest without the King is to be pardoned but ungoverned; to take the King without the Prophet is to be ruled but untaught. Saving faith receives the whole Christ in all His offices: it sits at His feet as Prophet, hides beneath His blood as Priest, and bows before His scepter as King. The recovery of the munus triplex is the recovery of the whole Mediator, who is made unto us wisdom, righteousness, and redemption alike.
The framework rests on Christ as the anointed (Hebrew māshach; Greek chriō) one—the threefold munus (office) of prophet, priest, and king fulfilled in Him.
"The threefold office—Prophet, Priest, and King—comprehends the whole mediatorial work of Christ."
"The three offices answer man’s threefold ruin: ignorance (Prophet), guilt (Priest), and bondage (King)."
"To seize one office and neglect the others is to fashion a partial Christ; faith receives Him in all three."