Late twentieth-century third-wave charismatic church movement founded by John Wimber in 1982 (the formal split from Calvary Chapel over charismatic gifts occurred 1982-1983). Wimber, a former Quaker, had been associated with Calvary Chapel and developed the Vineyard's distinctive blend of contemporary worship, signs-and-wonders ministry, and a softer charismatic style than classical Pentecostalism. The movement's principal distinctives include (1) power evangelism — Wimber's teaching that gospel proclamation should be integrated with signs, wonders, healings, and prophetic ministry (his book Power Evangelism, 1986); (2) ongoing prophetic gifts as normative for the contemporary church; (3) kingdom theology — an emphasis on the already-not-yet of the kingdom as the framework for understanding contemporary miraculous ministry; (4) contemporary worship music (the Vineyard worship style has been enormously influential through Vineyard Music Group and the broader contemporary-worship-music industry); (5) the controversial Toronto Blessing (1994 outpouring at Toronto Airport Vineyard, with manifestations of uncontrolled laughter, animal sounds, and other physical phenomena; the Toronto church was eventually expelled from the Vineyard Association). The Reformed-confessional response is mixed. The Vineyard's softer charismatic style and influential worship music has gained sympathy in some Reformed-evangelical circles; the third-wave continuationist theology, the Toronto Blessing, and the broader signs-and-wonders practices have been sharply critiqued by cessationist Reformed voices (MacArthur, Gaffin) and more mildly by sober continuationist Reformed voices (Grudem, who has been generally sympathetic to Vineyard).