Early-twentieth-century American Protestant movement defending the historic fundamentals of the Christian faith against liberal Protestantism. Named after The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth, a twelve-volume series of essays (90 articles by 64 authors) published 1910-1915 and funded by Lyman and Milton Stewart; the series defended biblical inerrancy, the virgin birth, the substitutionary atonement, the bodily resurrection, and the personal second coming of Christ against the rising tide of higher criticism, evolution, and theological liberalism. Principal early figures: James Orr (Scotland), B. B. Warfield, J. Gresham Machen, William Bell Riley, John Roach Straton. The movement's defining controversies were the Scopes Trial (1925), the Presbyterian Modernist Controversy (which produced Machen's withdrawal from Princeton in 1929 and founding of Westminster Theological Seminary), and the Northern Baptist and Southern Baptist conflicts of the 1920s and 1930s. After the 1940s, the movement split between continuing fundamentalists (more separatist, more politically and culturally withdrawn, more dispensationalist in many cases) and neo-evangelicals (Carl F. H. Henry, Billy Graham, the National Association of Evangelicals founded 1942, Fuller Seminary founded 1947), who sought to maintain the doctrinal fundamentals while engaging more constructively with mainstream culture. The Reformed-confessional engagement with fundamentalism is positive on the doctrinal-defense substance (the Reformed-confessional position shares all five of the named fundamentals against liberal denial), critical on some of the cultural-political tendencies (especially in the dispensationalist and KJV-only branches), and complex on the question of separation from compromising bodies. The patriarchal-Reformed reader values the historic-fundamentalist doctrinal courage while distinguishing himself from the cultural-pessimistic withdrawal tendencies of some fundamentalist streams.